第 1 章 · 交通标志与信号灯
以下是加州 DMV 驾驶手册「交通标志与信号灯」章节的考试要点整理，中英对照。读完可以直接在上方做这一章的练习题。
交通信号灯：红、黄、绿与箭头 Traffic Signal Lights: Red, Yellow, Green and Arrows
恒亮的黄灯是警告信号灯即将转红，能安全停车就要停下，不要为了抢黄灯加速；只有在太靠近、来不及安全停车时才小心通过。绿色箭头代表「受保护的转弯」，对向与横向车流都已被红灯拦住，可以安心依箭头方向转。恒亮的红色箭头则代表该方向禁止通行，必须停下等到绿灯或绿箭头亮起才能转，不能像一般红灯那样停车后就右转。
A steady yellow light warns that the signal is about to turn red: stop if you can do so safely, and never speed up to beat it—only proceed with caution when you are already too close to stop safely. A green arrow means a protected turn, with oncoming and cross traffic held back by their red light, so you may turn in the arrow's direction. A steady red arrow bans movement in that direction—you must wait for a green light or green arrow, and may not turn on red the way you would at a plain red light.
闪烁信号灯与信号灯故障 Flashing Signals and Signal Failure
闪烁的红灯等同于「停」(STOP) 标志，必须先完全停车，确认安全后才前进。闪烁的黄灯则是要你减速、提高警觉并小心通过，不必停车——一句话记法是「黄闪慢行、红闪要停」。如果路口的交通信号灯整个熄灭或故障，要把它当作四方停车路口处理：每个方向都先完全停车，再依先到先走、轮流的原则通过，不要假设自己有先行权而硬闯。
A flashing red light works exactly like a STOP sign—come to a full stop, then go when it is safe. A flashing yellow light tells you to slow down, stay alert and proceed with caution, with no need to stop; remember it as "yellow flash, go slow; red flash, must stop." If an intersection's signals are completely dark or malfunctioning, treat it as an all-way (four-way) stop: every direction stops fully, then proceeds in turn on a first-come, first-served basis—never assume you have the right of way and push through.
行人信号灯 Pedestrian Signals
行人信号灯上的「别走」(DON'T WALK) 开始闪烁时，还没踏下路缘的行人就不应该起步过马路。已经走在马路上的行人，则应尽快安全地走完剩下的路程。驾驶人也要理解这些信号灯，才能预判行人的动作。
When the pedestrian signal starts flashing "DON'T WALK," anyone who has not yet stepped off the curb should not begin crossing. Pedestrians already in the roadway should finish crossing as quickly and safely as they can. Drivers should understand these signals too, so they can anticipate what people on foot will do.
标志颜色的含义 What Sign Colors Mean
每种标志颜色都有固定含义：红色代表停止或禁止（如 STOP、让行、禁止进入）；黄色是对前方路况的一般警告；橙色代表施工与道路维护区。绿色用于导引与方向，例如路名、出口与距离；蓝色提供驾驶人服务信息，如医院、加油、餐饮、休息区；棕色指向休闲与文化景点，如公园、步道、露营区。萤光黄绿色则专门警告行人、骑车人或学区这类容易受伤的用路人。
Each sign color carries a fixed meaning. Red means stop or prohibition (STOP, YIELD, DO NOT ENTER). Yellow is a general warning about road conditions ahead, while orange marks construction and road-maintenance zones. Green is for guidance and direction—street names, exits and distances; blue gives driver services such as hospitals, fuel, food and rest areas; and brown points to recreational and cultural sites like parks, trails and campgrounds. Fluorescent yellow-green is reserved for warnings about pedestrians, bicyclists or school zones—the road users most easily hurt.
标志形状的含义 What Sign Shapes Mean
标志的形状本身就传达消息，即使被雪或树叶遮住，只看轮廓也能辨认。八角形（八边形）专门用于「停」标志；尖角朝下的倒三角形是「让行」，要减速、把先行权让给别人并准备停车。菱形是警告标志，提醒前方有危险或路况改变；五边形代表学区或学童穿越；圆形则警告前方有铁路平交道。
A sign's shape conveys meaning on its own, so you can recognize it by outline alone even when snow or leaves cover the face. The octagon is used only for STOP. A downward-pointing triangle means YIELD—slow down, give the right of way to others, and be ready to stop. The diamond is a warning shape for hazards or changes ahead; the pentagon marks a school zone or school crossing; and the round shape warns of a railroad crossing ahead.
八角形＝停（Octagon = STOP）
倒三角＝让行（Triangle = YIELD）
菱形＝警告（Diamond = warning）
五边形＝学区（Pentagon = school）
圆形＝铁路平交道（Round = railroad）
管制标志：停、让、禁止类 Regulatory Signs: Stop, Yield and Prohibitions
红色八角形一定是「停」标志，必须在停止线或人行道前完全停车，车轮不能再滚动，确认安全才走。红色倒三角形是「让行」，要减速并准备停车，先让其他车辆、行人和骑车人通过。红色圆圈加一条斜线盖住图标，代表图中的动作被禁止，例如禁止掉头、禁止左转或禁止右转——看到就记「不准」。「禁止进入」为红底白横杠，常见於单行道逆向出口或匝道；「WRONG WAY（走错方向）」代表你已逆向、正对着来车，必须立即停下并安全退出或掉头。
A red octagon is always a STOP sign: come to a full stop at the limit line or crosswalk with your wheels no longer rolling, and go only when it is safe. A red inverted triangle is YIELD—slow down, be ready to stop, and let other vehicles, pedestrians and bicyclists go first. A red circle with a slash over a symbol means that action is prohibited, such as no U-turn, no left turn or no right turn—read it simply as "don't." DO NOT ENTER is a red sign with a white bar, often at the wrong-way exit of a one-way street or a ramp; WRONG WAY means you are already going against traffic and facing oncoming cars, so stop immediately and safely back out or turn around.
停车（STOP）
让行（YIELD）
禁止进入（Do not enter）
走错方向（Wrong way）
禁止掉头（No U-turn）
禁止左转（No left turn）
禁止右转（No right turn）
管制标志：方向与超车 Regulatory Signs: Direction and Passing
单行道标志只能顺着箭头方向行驶，不可逆向。「靠右行驶」(KEEP RIGHT) 标志通常放在安全岛、分隔岛或障碍物前，要你从它的右侧绕过；慢速车靠右也是同样的精神，把左侧车道让给快车。看到「禁止超车」(DO NOT PASS) 标志，或你这一侧是实线时，就不可越线超车，这通常是因为前方弯道或坡顶视线不良。
A ONE WAY sign means you may travel only in the direction of the arrow, never against it. A KEEP RIGHT sign is usually placed before an island, median or obstruction and directs you to pass on its right side; slower vehicles keeping right follow the same idea, leaving the left lane for faster traffic. Where you see a DO NOT PASS sign, or a solid line on your side of the lane, you may not cross to pass—typically because a curve or hilltop ahead blocks your view.
单行道（One way）
靠右（Keep right）
靠左（Keep left）
禁止超车（Do not pass）
只可左转（Left turn only）
只可右转（Right turn only）
只可直行（Straight only）
路面标线：白线、黄线与双黄线路障 Pavement Markings: White, Yellow and Double-Yellow Barriers
白色标线分隔同一方向的车道：单条白色虚线在安全时可以变换车道，而标示车道边缘的白色实线则不鼓励或禁止越线。黄色标线分隔相反方向的车流：你这侧是黄色实线就不可越线超车，是黄色虚线则在安全时可越过对向超车；两条靠近的双黄实线像一道墙，两个方向都不可越线超车。若有两组相隔 2 英尺或以上的实心双黄线，中间那块等于一道路障，不可压线、跨越或停在里面。
White lines separate lanes going the same direction: a single broken white line lets you change lanes when safe, while a solid white line marking the edge of your lane discourages or prohibits crossing. Yellow lines separate traffic moving in opposite directions—a solid yellow line on your side means no passing, a broken yellow line on your side lets you pass when clear, and two close solid yellow lines act as a wall that neither direction may cross to pass. Two sets of solid double-yellow lines spaced 2 feet or more apart form a barrier: do not drive on it, cross it, or stop within it.
特殊车道：共乘道与双向左转道 Special Lanes: HOV and Two-Way Left-Turn Lanes
路面画有菱形图案的车道，是保留给高乘载（共乘）车辆的 HOV 车道，车上人数要达到规定才能使用。中央车道若两侧各有一条黄色实线加一条黄色虚线，并画有左转箭头，就是双向左转专用道，只能供两个方向的车辆用来左转或掉头，不可当作一般行车道使用。
A lane marked with diamond symbols on the pavement is an HOV (carpool) lane, reserved for high-occupancy vehicles that carry the required number of people. A center lane bordered on each side by a solid yellow line plus a broken yellow line, with left-turn arrows painted in it, is a two-way left-turn lane: it is only for vehicles from either direction to make left turns or U-turns, never for regular through driving.
警告标志：弯道、路口与路况变化 Warning Signs: Curves, Intersections and Changing Conditions
黄色菱形警告标志提醒前方路况，进弯或进入路口前要先减速。平滑的弯箭头代表一般左弯或右弯，直角箭头代表更急的转弯，S 形箭头代表连续弯路，黄底黑色 V 形（chevron）则标示道路在该处依箭头方向急转。路口类警告包括十字（交叉路口）、T 字（道路到此为止，须左转或右转）、Y 字（道路分岔）、右侧侧路导入、以及前方有交通信号灯或「停」标志。其他常见警告有圆环、双向交通、车流从右侧导入、右车道结束需并入、前方增加车道、分向道路，以及路面凸起 (bump) 等，看到都要减速并提高警觉。
Yellow diamond warning signs flag what is ahead, so slow before curves and intersections. A smooth curved arrow means a normal left or right curve, a right-angle arrow means a sharper turn, an S-shaped arrow means winding road, and a black chevron on yellow marks a sharp change of direction to follow. Intersection warnings include a cross (crossroad ahead), a T (road ends—you must turn left or right), a Y (road splits), a side road merging from the right, and signals or a STOP sign ahead. Other common warnings cover roundabouts, two-way traffic, traffic merging from the right, a right lane ending that requires merging, an added lane ahead, a divided-road split, and a bump in the pavement—each one a cue to slow down and stay alert.
左弯（Left curve）
右弯（Right curve）
连续弯路（Winding road）
T 字路口（T-intersection）
Y 字路口（Y-intersection）
右侧侧路（Side road）
前方信号灯（Signal ahead）
前方停车（Stop ahead）
前方圆环（Roundabout）
车流导入（Merge）
车道结束（Lane ends）
分向道路（Divided hwy）
路面凸起（Bump）
双向交通（Two-way）
工作区、铁路平交道与服务标志 Work Zones, Railroad Crossings and Service Signs
橙色标志与橙色锥形筒代表施工或道路维修工作区，要减速并小心工人和机具；橙色「DETOUR」加箭头代表道路封闭，须依箭头方向改道绕行。在铁路平交道，当栅栏放下、红灯闪烁时代表火车将至，必须停在栅栏前，等栅栏完全升起、灯号停止才可通过，切勿绕过栅栏抢越。蓝色标志提供驾驶人服务，例如蓝底白色 H 代表附近有医院，「REST AREA」代表前方有休息区可停车休息。
Orange signs and orange cones mark construction and road-maintenance work zones—slow down and watch for workers and equipment; an orange DETOUR sign with an arrow means the road is closed and you must follow the arrow around it. At a railroad crossing, lowered gates with flashing red lights mean a train is coming: stop before the gate and wait until the gates fully rise and the lights stop before proceeding—never drive around a lowered gate. Blue signs provide driver services, such as a white H on blue for a nearby hospital and REST AREA for a place ahead to pull over and rest.
前方施工（Road work）
改道（Detour）
铁路平交道（Railroad）
医院（Hospital）
休息区（Rest area）
勿阻塞路口（Don't block）