第 6 章 · 安全驾驶
以下是加州 DMV 驾驶手册「安全驾驶」章节的考试要点整理，中英对照。读完可以直接在上方做这一章的练习题。
安全跟车距离与视线扫描 Safe Following Distance and Scanning Ahead
保持安全跟车距离要用「三秒原则」：前车经过某个固定点后，你要能数满三秒才到达同一点。遇到下雨、路面湿滑或跟在大型车后面时，要把距离拉长到四到五秒。同时眼睛要不停移动，向前扫视至少十秒的路况，才能提早发现危险并反应，切勿死盯着单一点看。
Keep a safe gap using the three-second rule: after the car ahead passes a fixed point, you should reach that same point no sooner than three seconds later. Stretch this to four or five seconds in rain, on slippery roads, or when following large vehicles. Keep your eyes moving and scan at least ten seconds ahead so you spot hazards early, rather than fixating on one spot.
变换车道、超车与错过出口 Changing Lanes, Passing, and Missed Exits
变换车道前，除了看后视镜、打方向灯，一定要转头查看盲点，因为后视镜有死角。超车后不要立刻切回，要等后视镜里能看到被超车辆的整台车，代表已拉开足够距离，再打灯切回。若在高速公路上错过出口，应继续开到下一个出口，绝不可倒车或急切过去。
Before changing lanes, check your mirrors and signal, but also turn your head to check the blind spot the mirrors cannot cover. After passing, do not cut back in immediately; wait until you can see the entire passed vehicle in your rear-view mirror, which shows you have enough room, then signal and return. If you miss a freeway exit, continue to the next one; never back up or cut across suddenly.
车头灯使用与夜间行驶 Headlights and Night Driving
夜间有对向来车时，至少在 500 英尺前把远光灯切成近光灯；跟在别的车后面时，则在 300 英尺内就要改用近光灯，以免强光刺眼或从前车后视镜反射。夜间车速要慢到能在车头灯照亮的距离之内把车停住。加州法律另规定：只要因下雨、下雪或起雾而打开雨刷，就必须同时打开车头灯。
At night, switch from high beams to low beams at least 500 feet before an oncoming vehicle, and within 300 feet when following another car, so your light does not blind others or reflect off their mirrors. Adjust your speed so you can stop within the distance your headlights illuminate. California law also requires headlights whenever you use your wipers for rain, snow, or fog.
雾、烟与低能见度 Fog, Smoke, and Low Visibility
在浓雾或浓烟中要使用近光灯，因为远光灯的强光会被雾气反射回来，反而更看不清，也不能只开停车灯上路。能见度极差时要放慢速度、拉大跟车距离。若雾大到几乎看不见前方，最安全的做法是完全驶离车道停下、打开危险警示灯等候，不要停在车道上等人追撞。
In heavy fog or smoke, use low beams, because high-beam light bounces back off the fog and makes seeing harder; never drive on parking lights alone. When visibility is poor, slow down and increase your following distance. If fog is so thick you can barely see, the safest choice is to pull completely off the road, stop, and turn on your hazard lights rather than stopping in a traffic lane.
雨天、水漂与涉水后的煞车 Rain, Hydroplaning, and Wet Brakes
水漂（车轮浮在水面失去抓地）多半因为速度太快，减速就能让轮胎重新贴住路面。真的发生水漂时，要轻轻松开油门让车慢慢减速，切勿急煞或猛打方向。涉水或开过深水后煞车片会湿、煞车力变差，应一边慢速行驶一边轻踩几下煞车，靠摩擦把水磨干并测试煞车是否恢复。
Hydroplaning usually happens because you are going too fast, so slowing down lets the tires grip the road again. If it does happen, ease off the accelerator and let the car slow gradually; do not brake hard or jerk the wheel. After driving through deep water, your brakes get wet and weaken, so drive slowly and lightly tap the brakes to dry them through friction and confirm they work again.
打滑修正与冰雪路面 Correcting Skids and Driving on Ice or Snow
后轮打滑（车尾甩出）时，松开油门，把方向盘朝你希望车头前进的方向转，慢慢把车摆正，不要急煞。前轮打滑（推头、方向盘失效）时，松开油门，在抓地力恢复前避免猛踩煞车。在结冰或积雪压实的路面上要放慢速度，任何煞车或转向动作都要轻、要慢，避免突然操作。
In a rear-wheel skid, ease off the gas and steer in the direction you want the front of the car to go, gently straightening out; do not slam the brakes. In a front-wheel skid, where the car will not steer, ease off the accelerator and avoid hard braking until the tires regain grip. On ice or packed snow, slow down and make every braking or steering input gentle and gradual, avoiding sudden moves.
过弯技巧 Handling Curves
过弯最好的做法是进弯「之前」就先把速度降下来，进入弯道后再轻轻加速带出去。在弯道中间才急煞或急转，很容易让轮胎失去抓地而打滑失控。因此速度控制的时机是关键：先减速、后加速。
The best way to handle a curve is to slow down before you enter it, then gently accelerate through and out of the turn. Braking hard or steering sharply in the middle of a curve can break traction and cause a skid. Timing is everything: reduce speed first, then add power on the way out.
紧急状况：爆胎、煞车失灵与抛锚 Emergencies: Blowouts, Brake Failure, and Breakdowns
轮胎爆胎时车会被拉向一边，要双手紧握方向盘稳住、慢慢松油门减速再靠边，切勿急煞或猛打方向。煞车突然失灵时，快速连续踩放踏板尝试创建煞车压力，同时换低档用引擎减速，再慢慢拉手煞车。若在高速公路上抛锚，要打开危险警示灯、把车靠到右侧路肩，人也要离开车道到护栏外等待。
In a blowout the car pulls to one side, so grip the wheel firmly, ease off the gas to slow gradually, then pull over; never brake hard or jerk the wheel. If your brakes fail, pump the pedal quickly to try to build pressure, shift to a lower gear to slow with engine braking, and apply the parking brake slowly. If you break down on the freeway, turn on your hazard lights, move onto the right shoulder, and get yourself away from traffic, beyond the guardrail.
大型载货车的盲区与危险 Blind Spots and Dangers of Large Trucks
大型载货车四周都有很大的盲区：如果你看不到货车驾驶的后视镜，那么他也看不到你。不要长时间卡在大车的两侧或正后方，因为紧跟正后方时你既在盲区内、又完全看不到前方路况。货车要右转时常会先向左摆出去，这时右侧就是危险死角，千万不要试图从右侧钻过去。
Large trucks have huge blind spots on all sides: if you cannot see the driver's mirrors, the driver cannot see you. Do not linger alongside or directly behind a truck, and never tailgate one, because there you sit in its blind spot and also lose all view of the road ahead. Trucks often swing left before making a right turn, so the right side becomes a dangerous blind spot; never try to squeeze past on the right.
疲劳、路怒、动物与安全带 Fatigue, Road Rage, Animals, and Seat Belts
疲劳驾驶和酒后驾驶一样危险，想睡时最可靠的做法是找安全地方停下休息或睡一下，长途则要定时休息、有人同行就轮流开。被人紧贴车尾时，变换车道让他过去最安全；遇到有攻击性的驾驶要保持冷静、避免眼神接触、让开空间。动物突然冲出时要稳稳踩煞车，若闪避不安全就守住原本的车道。安全带则要让肩带斜过胸口、腰带低低地绕过髋骨。
Driving drowsy is as dangerous as driving drunk, so when sleepy the only reliable fix is to stop somewhere safe and rest or nap; on long trips take regular breaks and share the driving if you can. If someone tailgates you, change lanes and let them pass; if you meet an aggressive driver, stay calm, avoid eye contact, and give them room. When an animal darts out, brake firmly and stay in your lane if swerving would be unsafe. Wear your seat belt with the shoulder strap across your chest and the lap belt low over your hips.