第 8 章 · 酒精与分心驾驶
以下是加州 DMV 驾驶手册「酒精与分心驾驶」章节的考试要点整理，中英对照。读完可以直接在上方做这一章的练习题。
酒精浓度的法定红线 The Legal Blood Alcohol Limits
血液酒精浓度（BAC）是判定酒驾的关键标准，不同驾驶人适用不同上限。年满 21 岁的一般驾驶人，BAC 达到 0.08% 或以上即属违法；驾驶商用车辆（例如大货车、巴士）的标准更严格，只要达到 0.04% 就违法，等于一般标准的一半。务必记住这三条红线适用于不同族群。
Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is the key measure used to decide whether a driver is legally impaired, and different drivers face different limits. For an ordinary driver aged 21 or older, a BAC of 0.08% or higher is illegal, while commercial drivers operating trucks or buses are held to a stricter 0.04% limit, which is half the standard threshold. Keep these separate lines in mind, because they apply to different groups of drivers.
未满 21 岁的零容忍政策 Zero Tolerance for Drivers Under 21
加州对未满 21 岁的驾驶人采取零容忍政策。这个年龄层的驾驶人，BAC 只要达到 0.01% 或以上就属违法，几乎等于一滴酒都不能碰。年轻驾驶人经验较少，法律因此设下远比成年人严格的标准。
California enforces a strict zero tolerance policy for drivers under the age of 21. For these younger drivers, a BAC of just 0.01% or higher is already against the law, which effectively means not a single sip of alcohol is allowed before driving. Because young drivers have less experience, the law holds them to a far tighter standard than adults.
暗示同意法与拒绝酒测的后果 Implied Consent and the Cost of Refusing a Test
根据加州的暗示同意法，只要你在加州道路上开车，就等于已经同意在因酒驾被合法逮捕后接受血液或呼气的化学检测。如果被合法逮捕后拒绝受测，并不会让你逃过责任，反而会导致驾照至少被吊销一年，并面临额外处罚。换句话说，拒测只会让情况更严重。
Under California's implied consent law, simply by driving on state roads you have already agreed to submit to a chemical blood or breath test after a lawful arrest for driving under the influence. Refusing the test after a lawful arrest does not let you escape consequences; instead it leads to your license being suspended for at least one year, plus additional penalties. In short, refusing a test only makes the outcome worse.
酒驾纪录的长远代价 The Long-Term Cost of a DUI
一次酒驾（DUI）定罪会在你的加州驾驶纪录上保留长达 10 年，不会因为缴完罚款就消失。这笔纪录像响深远，往往会让保险费在很长一段时间内大幅上升。因此酒驾的代价远不只是当下的罚款而已。
A single DUI conviction stays on your California driving record for a full 10 years, and it does not simply disappear once fines are paid. This record has a lasting impact and typically drives up your insurance premiums for a long time. The true cost of a DUI therefore reaches far beyond any immediate fine.
药物与大麻同样构成 DUI Drugs and Cannabis Count as DUI Too
受大麻影响开车与酒驾同罪，一样构成 DUI，因为它会削弱你的判断力与反应速度。行车过程中，不论驾驶人还是乘客，都不可以吸食或食用大麻。此外，许多处方药与药房买的成药（例如感冒药、过敏药、止痛药）会让人昏昏欲睡、反应变慢，对驾驶能力的损害不输酒精，服用前务必看清楚标示上的警语。
Driving under the influence of cannabis is just as illegal as drunk driving and counts as a DUI, because it weakens your judgment and slows your reactions. While the vehicle is moving, neither the driver nor any passenger may smoke or consume cannabis. In addition, many prescription and over-the-counter medicines such as cold, allergy, and pain remedies can make you drowsy and slow, impairing your driving as much as alcohol, so always read the warning label before taking them.
酒精与药物的加乘危险 When Alcohol and Drugs Combine
就算只喝一杯酒，也可能影响你的判断力与反应时间，别以为分量少就没事。更危险的是，酒精若与处方药或成药一起服用，两者的麻痹与抑制作用会相互加乘，使驾驶能力受到更严重的损害。因此开车前，任何会影响清醒程度的组合都应避免。
Even a single alcoholic drink can affect your judgment and reaction time, so never assume a small amount is harmless. More dangerously, when alcohol is combined with prescription or over-the-counter medication, their sedating and impairing effects multiply one another, damaging your driving ability even further. Any combination that dulls your alertness should be avoided before you get behind the wheel.
开封酒精容器的摆放规定 Where Open Alcohol Containers Must Go
车上载有已开封的酒精饮料容器并非一律违法，前提是必须放在行李厢内，或乘客通常碰不到的区域。把开过的酒瓶放在车厢乘客区、手饰箱或座位底下都属违法，即使驾驶人完全没有喝酒也一样。最保险的做法就是把它收进行李厢。
Carrying an already-opened container of alcohol is not automatically illegal, provided it is kept in the trunk or in an area where passengers normally cannot reach it. Storing an opened bottle in the passenger compartment, the glove box, or under a seat is against the law, even if the driver has not been drinking at all. The safest choice is simply to place it in the trunk.
成年与未成年驾驶人的手机规定 Phone Rules for Adult and Teen Drivers
对于年满 18 岁的驾驶人，开车时使用手机的唯一合法方式是免提操作，例如蓝牙、声控或单键操作，全程都不能手持，即使停在红灯也不例外。未满 18 岁的驾驶人则完全禁止在开车时使用手机，连免提方式也不允许（紧急情况除外）。无论年龄，手持手机发送或阅读短信都是违法的，动作再快也一样。
For drivers aged 18 or older, the only legal way to use a phone while driving is hands-free, such as Bluetooth, voice control, or a single tap, and the phone must never be held, not even when stopped at a red light. Drivers under 18 are banned from using a phone entirely while driving, including hands-free, except in a genuine emergency. Regardless of age, holding a phone to send or read a text is illegal, no matter how quickly it is done.
避免分心，安全处理来电与消息 Avoiding Distractions Behind the Wheel
分心驾驶是常见的撞车原因，因为它会让你的手离开方向盘、眼睛离开路面。吃东西、喝饮料、化妆、调整收音机或翻找物品，都是应该避免的分心行为，这些事情最好停好车再做。如果行驶中收到重要的来电或短信，正确做法是先让它转入语音信箱，等到能安全靠边停车后再回复。
Distracted driving is a common cause of crashes because it takes your hands off the wheel and your eyes off the road. Eating, drinking, applying makeup, adjusting the radio, or searching for items are all distractions to avoid, and are best handled only after you have parked. If an important call or text arrives while you are driving, the right move is to let it go to voicemail and reply only once you can safely pull over and stop.
喝过酒之后最安全的选择 The Safest Choice After Drinking
如果你喝过酒，最安全的选择就是根本不要开车，而是找代驾、搭出租车或使用叫车服务。如果打算在派对上喝酒，最理想的做法是在喝之前就先安排好交通方式。要特别记住，咖啡、冲冷水澡或放慢车速都无法让你清醒，唯有时间能让身体代谢酒精。
If you have been drinking, the safest choice is simply not to drive at all, and instead rely on a designated driver, a taxi, or a rideshare service. When you plan to drink at a party, the best approach is to arrange your ride home before you take the first drink. Remember that coffee, a cold shower, or driving slowly cannot make you sober; only the passage of time lets your body process the alcohol.